Giornata della Memoria: il contesto sociale e culturale in cui l'Olocausto si è sviluppato

Oggi 27 gennaio si celebra la Giornata della Memoria".

La data coincide con la liberazione del campo di concentramento nei pressi della città polacca di Oświęcim (in tedesco Auschwitz).

Poco si parla invece delle Norme sulla difesa della razza italiana, una serie di decreti promulgati a partire dall'estate e autunno del 1938, poi convertiti in legge.

In questi giorni si è spesso solo citato, quasi ritualmente, il termine "Leggi Razziali", ma nessuno nel nostro paese le sviscera articolo per articolo, le legge pubblicamente, le insegna nelle Università, le studia a scuola, ne rende obbligatoria la conoscenza in alcun programma di studio.

Ancora nel 2022 in Italia - a differenza che in Germania - sembra si faccia fatica a riconoscere e ad elaborare questa pagina della nostra storia e della storia del nostro Diritto.

Qual'era il substrato sociale e culturale in cui l'Olocausto ha potuto attecchire?

Qui sotto il testo integrale della voce "Razzismo" dell'Grande Dizionario Enciclopedico UTET del 1939, quando tutto cominciò:

Polizia tedesca utilizza "Pegasus" di NSO contro il parere di avvocati ed esperti, e senza fornire dati sul suo utilizzo.

German police secretly bought NSO Pegasus spyware

Sources have confirmed media reports that federal criminal police purchased and used the controversial Israeli surveillance spyware despite lawyers' objections.

    

NSO makes Pegasus spyware favored by governments and intelligence agencies worldwide

Deutsche Welle - 07.09.2021

The German Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA) bought notorious Pegasus spyware from the Israeli firm NSO in 2019, it was revealed Tuesday.

The federal government informed the Interior Committee of the Bundestag of the purchase in a closed-doors session, parliament sources said. That confirmed earlier reports published in German newspaper Die Zeit.

The software was procured under "the utmost secrecy," according to Die Zeit, despite the hesitations of lawyers as the surveillance tool can do much more than German privacy laws permit.

However, the version purchased by the BKA had certain functions blocked to prevent abuse, security circles told the paper ­— although it is unclear how that works on a practical level.

The revelations were a result of joint research by Die Zeit as well as daily Süddeutsche Zeitung and public broadcasters NDR and WDR.

What has the German government said?

According to the Süddeutsche Zeitung, BKA Vice President Martina Link confirmed to lawmakers that her organization had purchased the software. In late 2020, the BKA acquired a version of the Pegasus Trojan virus software. It has been used in select operations concerning terrorism and organized crime since March of this year.

Germany's Federal Constitutional Court has ruled that security services are only permitted to use spyware on the cellphones and computers of surveillance targets in special cases, and can only initiate certain types of operations.

While the rule of law has placed limits, the technology available has grown seemingly limitless.

The German government has been asked specifically about the use of NSO spyware three times in recent years and has largely refused to account for its use or subject itself to scrutiny for it.

In a written statement to an official inquiry, Left Party lawmaker Martina Renner was told the parliament's right to information conflicted with the "confidentiality interests justified by the welfare of the state in exceptional cases."

Why are NSO and Pegasus controversial?

NSO sells the Pegasus surveillance tool to police and intelligence agencies globally. The tool itself is powerful enough that it can spy on iPhones and Android smartphones in real time, enable the microphone and video functions to record conversations and settings, read location data and bypass encryption on chat messages.

The BKA began its negotiations with NSO in 2017. For years, the BKA had made use of its own in-house surveillance software, but it became cumbersome and outdated, which is why authorities turned to NSO.

Among the targets of NSO Pegasus software: Emmanuel Macron

Pegasus makes use of vulnerabilities in the security of smartphones to open a privacy-violating Pandora's box of surveillance tools. More troubling yet is who has been targeted by governments around the world that have purchased the tool.

In July, a consortium of news organizations including Die Zeit reported on the extensive abuses of the technology drawn from a list of potential targets in 2016 that included more than 50,000 phone numbers.

Among the targets were human rights activists, journalists and lawyers as well as a dozen heads of state and several government ministers and senior diplomats.

Technical analysis of the cellphones of several of these individuals revealed the phones had been successfully hacked using Pegasus software.

How has Germany reacted?

Green Party member of parliament Konstantin von Notz called it a "nightmare for the rule of law." He demanding "full clarification" from the federal government as to who "specifically bears responsibility for the purchase and use of the spy software."

Frank Überall, the chairman of the German Journalists' Association, said the union wanted to know "whether journalists were spied on without their knowledge, whether their sources are still safe."

Überall called the BKA's action "incomprehensible" and added Interior Minister Horst Seehofer should "lay his cards on the table."

ar/rt (AFP, epd)

Link originale: https://www.dw.com/en/german-police-secretly-bought-nso-pegasus-spyware/a-59113197

QED: servizi segreti che orchestrano attentati e compromettono politici e uomini d'affari per ricattarli, dove trovarli

2017 terror attacks orchestrated by Spain's secret service, says former police official

José Manuel Villarejo claims aim was to destabilize Catalonia before independence push, sparking outrage

CatalanNews - 11 January 2022 07:33 PM byACN | Barcelona

A former high-ranking police official, José Manuel Villarejo, has said that he believes the 2017 terror attacks in Barcelona and Cambrils were orchestrated by Spain's secret service.

Talking before Spain's National Court on Tuesday, he said the aim was to destabilize Catalonia before the independence referendum, but the outcome, 16 deaths, was a miscalculation.

According to him, the August 17, 2017 incidents, including a truck running over passers-by on the Catalan capital's La Rambla, "were a serious mistake" on the part of Spain's former National Intelligence Center (CNI) director, Féliz Sanz Roldán.

The CNI head "wanted to give Catalonia a fright" ahead of the October 1, 2017 referendum, but "miscalculated the consequences."

Villarejo has been in the spotlight for years, being famous in Spain for some secret operations he has taken part in along with CNI – indeed on Tuesday he admitted contributing to "try to fix the mess" that the attacks caused to the secret services. Shortly after the events, it was revealed that its alleged mastermind, Ripoll's imam, had been an informant of CNI.

The former high-ranking official spent over three years in provisional jail and he still has to face several trials for some of the operations he discreetly executed. 

Calls for an investigation

His comments on Tuesday have sparked outrage among part of the Catalan political parties, especially those in favor of independence. 

For years, they have urged Spain to run an investigation on the links between its intelligence and Abdelbaki Es Satty. After Villarejo's comments on Tuesday, the current Catalan president, Pere Aragonès, demanded Madrid to look into it again and requested his government's legal team to review the former police officer's remarks. 

"If his words are true, we need an explanation now," said Aragonès. 

Parliament speaker Laura Borràs also requested for the chamber's legal team to take the case to the public prosecutor. 

Carles Puigdemont, who was Catalan president in 2017, said that Spain should be accountable for the attacks "for its rejection to investigate" the alleged links between Es Satty and Villarejo.

Seven parties in Spain's Congress will request for a parliamentary committee on the issue to be launched. 

Villarejo was ordered to discredit Catalan pro-independence politicians

Villarejo has become a famous character in the past few years after he leaked a number of recordings of private conversations he had with important figures, such as former King Juan Carlos' lover Corinna zu Sayn-Wittgenstein. After some of these leaks, the prosecutor in Switzerland began an investigation against the former monarch for allegedly having received $100 million from Saudi Arabia in 2008. 

Especially after being accused of several crimes related to his discreet operations and being imprisoned, the former inspector has revealed the content of such conversations and some of his activities, involving the Spanish state in operations such as trying to discredit Catalan pro-independence politicians.

In 2018, some recordings leaked by the media outlet moncloa.com revealed that Villarejo explained to the then prosecutor Dolores Delgado that he had created a prostitution network in order to get information from politicians and businesspeople.

Link originale: https://www.catalannews.com/politics/item/2017-terror-attacks-orchestrated-by-spain-s-secret-service-says-former-police-official